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name: azure-postgres-ts description: 使用 pg（node-postgres）包从 Node.js/TypeScript 连接到 Azure Database for PostgreSQL 灵活服务器。 risk: unknown source: community date_added: '2026-02-27'

Azure PostgreSQL TypeScript 版（node-postgres）

使用 pg（node-postgres）包连接到 Azure Database for PostgreSQL 灵活服务器，支持密码和 Microsoft Entra ID（无密码）认证。

安装

npm install pg @azure/identity
npm install -D @types/pg

环境变量

# Required
AZURE_POSTGRESQL_HOST=<server>.postgres.database.azure.com
AZURE_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE=<database>
AZURE_POSTGRESQL_PORT=5432

# For password authentication
AZURE_POSTGRESQL_USER=<username>
AZURE_POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD=<password>

# For Entra ID authentication
AZURE_POSTGRESQL_USER=<entra-user>@<server>   # e.g., user@contoso.com
AZURE_POSTGRESQL_CLIENTID=<managed-identity-client-id>  # For user-assigned identity

认证方式

方式一：密码认证

import { Client, Pool } from "pg";

const client = new Client({
  host: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_HOST,
  database: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE,
  user: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_USER,
  password: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD,
  port: Number(process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_PORT) || 5432,
  ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: true }  // Required for Azure
});

await client.connect();

方式二：Microsoft Entra ID（无密码）- 推荐

import { Client, Pool } from "pg";
import { DefaultAzureCredential } from "@azure/identity";

// For system-assigned managed identity
const credential = new DefaultAzureCredential();

// For user-assigned managed identity
// const credential = new DefaultAzureCredential({
//   managedIdentityClientId: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_CLIENTID
// });

// Acquire access token for Azure PostgreSQL
const tokenResponse = await credential.getToken(
  "https://ossrdbms-aad.database.windows.net/.default"
);

const client = new Client({
  host: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_HOST,
  database: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE,
  user: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_USER,  // Entra ID user
  password: tokenResponse.token,             // Token as password
  port: Number(process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_PORT) || 5432,
  ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: true }
});

await client.connect();

核心工作流

1. 单客户端连接

import { Client } from "pg";

const client = new Client({
  host: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_HOST,
  database: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE,
  user: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_USER,
  password: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD,
  port: 5432,
  ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: true }
});

try {
  await client.connect();

  const result = await client.query("SELECT NOW() as current_time");
  console.log(result.rows[0].current_time);
} finally {
  await client.end();  // Always close connection
}

2. 连接池（生产环境推荐）

import { Pool } from "pg";

const pool = new Pool({
  host: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_HOST,
  database: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_DATABASE,
  user: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_USER,
  password: process.env.AZURE_POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD,
  port: 5432,
  ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: true },

  // Pool configuration
  max: 20,                    // Maximum connections in pool
  idleTimeoutMillis: 30000,   // Close idle connections after 30s
  connectionTimeoutMillis: 10000  // Timeout for new connections
});

// Query using pool (automatically acquires and releases connection)
const result = await pool.query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1", [userId]);

// Explicit checkout for multiple queries
const client = await pool.connect();
try {
  const res1 = await client.query("SELECT * FROM users");
  const res2 = await client.query("SELECT * FROM orders");
} finally {
  client.release();  // Return connection to pool
}

// Cleanup on shutdown
await pool.end();

3. 参数化查询（防止 SQL 注入）

// ALWAYS use parameterized queries - never concatenate user input
const userId = 123;
const email = "user@example.com";

// Single parameter
const result = await pool.query(
  "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1",
  [userId]
);

// Multiple parameters
const result = await pool.query(
  "INSERT INTO users (email, name, created_at) VALUES ($1, $2, NOW()) RETURNING *",
  [email, "John Doe"]
);

// Array parameter
const ids = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const result = await pool.query(
  "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ANY($1::int[])",
  [ids]
);

4. 事务

const client = await pool.connect();

try {
  await client.query("BEGIN");

  const userResult = await client.query(
    "INSERT INTO users (email) VALUES ($1) RETURNING id",
    ["user@example.com"]
  );
  const userId = userResult.rows[0].id;

  await client.query(
    "INSERT INTO orders (user_id, total) VALUES ($1, $2)",
    [userId, 99.99]
  );

  await client.query("COMMIT");
} catch (e) {
  await client.query("ROLLBACK");
  throw e;
} finally {
  client.release();
}

最佳实践

• 始终在生产环境使用连接池
• 始终使用参数化查询防止 SQL 注入
• Azure 连接需要 SSL（ssl: { rejectUnauthorized: true }）
• 使用 Entra ID 认证实现无密码安全连接
• 正确处理连接错误和重试逻辑
• 关闭应用时清理连接池