---

name: python-database-ops description: "SQLAlchemy 和 Python 数据库模式。触发条件：sqlalchemy、database、orm、migration、alembic、async database、connection pool、repository pattern、unit of work。" license: MIT compatibility: "SQLAlchemy 2.0+, Python 3.10+。异步需要 asyncpg（PostgreSQL）或 aiosqlite。" allowed-tools: "Read Write Bash" metadata: author: claude-mods depends-on: python-typing-ops, python-async-ops related-skills: python-fastapi-ops, postgres-ops

Python 数据库模式

SQLAlchemy 2.0 和数据库最佳实践。

SQLAlchemy 2.0 基础

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, select
from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column, Session

class Base(DeclarativeBase):
    pass

class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = "users"

    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
    name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(100))
    email: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(255), unique=True)
    is_active: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(default=True)

# Create engine and tables
engine = create_engine("postgresql://user:pass@localhost/db")
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)

# Query with 2.0 style
with Session(engine) as session:
    stmt = select(User).where(User.is_active == True)
    users = session.execute(stmt).scalars().all()

异步 SQLAlchemy

from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import (
    AsyncSession,
    async_sessionmaker,
    create_async_engine,
)
from sqlalchemy import select

# Async engine
engine = create_async_engine(
    "postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@localhost/db",
    echo=False,
    pool_size=5,
    max_overflow=10,
)

# Session factory
async_session = async_sessionmaker(engine, expire_on_commit=False)

# Usage
async with async_session() as session:
    result = await session.execute(select(User).where(User.id == 1))
    user = result.scalar_one_or_none()

模型关系

from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, Mapped, mapped_column

class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = "users"

    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
    name: Mapped[str]

    # 一对多
    posts: Mapped[list["Post"]] = relationship(back_populates="author")

class Post(Base):
    __tablename__ = "posts"

    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
    title: Mapped[str]
    author_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id"))

    # 多对一
    author: Mapped["User"] = relationship(back_populates="posts")

常用查询模式

from sqlalchemy import select, and_, or_, func

# 基本查询
stmt = select(User).where(User.is_active == True)

# 多条件
stmt = select(User).where(
    and_(
        User.is_active == True,
        User.age >= 18
    )
)

# OR 条件
stmt = select(User).where(
    or_(User.role == "admin", User.role == "moderator")
)

# 排序和限制
stmt = select(User).order_by(User.created_at.desc()).limit(10)

# 聚合
stmt = select(func.count(User.id)).where(User.is_active == True)

# 连接
stmt = select(User, Post).join(Post, User.id == Post.author_id)

# 预加载
from sqlalchemy.orm import selectinload
stmt = select(User).options(selectinload(User.posts))

FastAPI 集成

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from typing import Annotated

async def get_db() -> AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]:
    async with async_session() as session:
        yield session

DB = Annotated[AsyncSession, Depends(get_db)]

@app.get("/users/{user_id}")
async def get_user(user_id: int, db: DB):
    result = await db.execute(select(User).where(User.id == user_id))
    user = result.scalar_one_or_none()
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=404)
    return user

快速参考

| 操作 | SQLAlchemy 2.0 风格 | |-----------|---------------------| | 查询全部 | select(User) | | 过滤 | .where(User.id == 1) | | 第一条 | .scalar_one_or_none() | | 全部 | .scalars().all() | | 计数 | select(func.count(User.id)) | | 连接 | .join(Post) | | 预加载 | .options(selectinload(User.posts)) |

附加资源

• ./references/sqlalchemy-async.md - 异步模式、会话管理
• ./references/connection-pooling.md - 连接池配置、健康检查
• ./references/transactions.md - 事务模式、隔离级别
• ./references/migrations.md - Alembic 设置、迁移策略

另请参阅

前置条件：

• python-typing-ops - Mapped 类型和注解
• python-async-ops - 异步数据库会话

相关技能：

• python-fastapi-ops - 数据库会话的依赖注入
• python-pytest-ops - 数据库 fixtures 和测试