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name: shader-programming-glsl description: "Expert guide for writing efficient GLSL shaders (Vertex/Fragment) for web and game engines, covering syntax, uniforms, and common effects." risk: safe source: community date_added: "2026-02-27"

Shader Programming GLSL

Overview

A comprehensive guide to writing GPU shaders using GLSL (OpenGL Shading Language). Learn syntax, uniforms, varying variables, and key mathematical concepts like swizzling and vector operations for visual effects.

When to Use This Skill

• Use when creating custom visual effects in WebGL, Three.js, or game engines.
• Use when optimizing graphics rendering performance.
• Use when implementing post-processing effects (blur, bloom, color correction).
• Use when procedurally generating textures or geometry on the GPU.

Step-by-Step Guide

1. Structure: Vertex vs. Fragment

Understand the pipeline:

• Vertex Shader: Transforms 3D coordinates to 2D screen space (gl_Position).
• Fragment Shader: Colors individual pixels (gl_FragColor).

// Vertex Shader (basic)
attribute vec3 position;
uniform mat4 modelViewMatrix;
uniform mat4 projectionMatrix;

void main() {
    gl_Position = projectionMatrix * modelViewMatrix * vec4(position, 1.0);
}

// Fragment Shader (basic)
uniform vec3 color;

void main() {
    gl_FragColor = vec4(color, 1.0);
}

2. Uniforms and Varyings

• uniform: Data constant for all vertices/fragments (passed from CPU).
• varying: Data interpolated from vertex to fragment shader.

// Passing UV coordinates
varying vec2 vUv;

// In Vertex Shader
void main() {
    vUv = uv;
    gl_Position = projectionMatrix * modelViewMatrix * vec4(position, 1.0);
}

// In Fragment Shader
void main() {
    // Gradient based on UV
    gl_FragColor = vec4(vUv.x, vUv.y, 1.0, 1.0);
}

3. Swizzling & Vector Math

Access vector components freely: vec4 color = vec4(1.0, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0);

• color.rgb -> vec3(1.0, 0.5, 0.0)
• color.zyx -> vec3(0.0, 0.5, 1.0) (reordering)

Examples

Example 1: Simple Raymarching (SDF Sphere)

float sdSphere(vec3 p, float s) {
    return length(p) - s;
}

void mainImage(out vec4 fragColor, in vec2 fragCoord) {
    vec2 uv = (fragCoord - 0.5 * iResolution.xy) / iResolution.y;
    vec3 ro = vec3(0.0, 0.0, -3.0); // Ray Origin
    vec3 rd = normalize(vec3(uv, 1.0)); // Ray Direction
    
    float t = 0.0;
    for(int i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
        vec3 p = ro + rd * t;
        float d = sdSphere(p, 1.0); // Sphere radius 1.0
        if(d < 0.001) break;
        t += d;
    }
    
    vec3 col = vec3(0.0);
    if(t < 10.0) {
        vec3 p = ro + rd * t;
        vec3 normal = normalize(p);
        col = normal * 0.5 + 0.5; // Color by normal
    }
    
    fragColor = vec4(col, 1.0);
}

Best Practices

• ✅ Do: Use mix() for linear interpolation instead of manual math.
• ✅ Do: Use step() and smoothstep() for thresholding and soft edges (avoid if branches).
• ✅ Do: Pack data into vectors (vec4) to minimize memory access.
• ❌ Don't: Use heavy branching (if-else) inside loops if possible; it hurts GPU parallelism.
• ❌ Don't: Calculate constant values inside the shader; pre-calculate them on the CPU (uniforms).

Troubleshooting

Problem: Shader compiles but screen is black. Solution: Check if gl_Position.w is correct (usually 1.0). Check if uniforms are actually being set from the host application. Verify UV coordinates are within [0, 1].

Limitations

• Use this skill only when the task clearly matches the scope described above.
• Do not treat the output as a substitute for environment-specific validation, testing, or expert review.
• Stop and ask for clarification if required inputs, permissions, safety boundaries, or success criteria are missing.